A Statistically-Based Low-Level Cloud Scheme and Its Tentative Application in a General Circulation Model     

DAI Fushan  YU Rucong  ZHANG Xuehong  YU Yongqiang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2005,19(3):263-274

1. Introduction Clouds are active factors in the climate system, and have significant influences on the global hydrolog- ical and thermal budgets. More and more the climate model developers and researchers have realized the im- portance to appropriately describe the interactions be- tween cloud and radiation in the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). It is well known that cloud is one of the contributing factors to the uncertainties in the simulation of climate by AGCM. Especiall…  相似文献   

Single Particle Analysis of Aerosols, Observed in the Marine Boundary Layer during the Monterey Area Ship Tracks Experiment (MAST), with Respect to Cloud Droplet Formation     

L. A. De Bock  P. E. Joos  K. J. Noone  R. A. Pockalny  R. E. Van Grieken 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2000,37(3):299-329

The chemical composition of individual particles >0.2 m sampled duringthe MAST-experiment wereanalysed by SEM-EDX, in combination with multivariatetechniques. The objective of this experiment was toidentify the mechanisms responsible for themodification of marine stratocumulus clouds byemissions from ships and in a wider sense to provideinformation on the global processes involved inatmospheric modification of cloud albedo. Aerosolswere examined under different MBL pollution levels(clean, intermediately polluted and moderatelypolluted) in five different reservoirs: backgroundbelow-cloud and above-cloud aerosol; background clouddroplet residual particles; below-cloud ship plumeaerosol and ship track cloud droplet residualparticles.In this study a relation was provided between theaerosol emitted from the ship's stack to an effect incloud. Additionally, a large fraction of the ambientaerosol was found to be composed of organic materialor other compounds, consisting of low Z-elements,associated with chlorine. Their number fraction waslargest in clean marine boundary layers, and decreasedwith increasing pollution levels. The fraction of`transformed sea salt' (Na, Cl, S), on the other hand,increased with the pollution level in the MBL. Only20% of the particles fell within the detectable rangeof the analysis.  相似文献   

Scavenging Efficiency of ‘Aerosol Carbon’ and Sulfate in Supercooled Clouds at Mt. Sonnblick (3106 m a.s.l., Austria)     

A. Kasper-Giebl  A. Koch  R. Hitzenberger  H. Puxbaum 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2000,35(1):33-46

Cloud water and interstitial aerosol samples collected at Mt. Sonnblick (SBO) were analyzed for sulfate and aerosol carbon to calculate in-cloud scavenging efficiencies. Scavenging efficiencies for sulfate (_SO) ranged from 0.52 to 0.99 with an average of 0.80. Aerosol carbon was scavenged less efficiently with an average value (_AC) of 0.45 and minimum and maximum values of 0.14 and 0.81, respectively. Both _SO and _AC showed a marked, but slightly different, dependence on the liquid water content (LWC) of the cloud. At low LWC, _SO increased with rising LWC until it reached a relatively constant value of 0.83 above an LWC of 0.3 g/m³. In the case of aerosol carbon, we obtained a more gradual increase of _AC up to an LWC of 0.5 g/m³. At higher LWCs, _{_} remained relatively constant at 0.60. As the differences between _SO and _A varied across the LWC range observed at SBO, we assume that part of the aerosol carbon was incorporated into the cloud droplets independently from sulfate. This hypothesis is supported by size classified aerosol measurements. The differences in the size distributions of sulfate and total carbon point to a partially external mixture. Thus, the different chemical nature and the differences in the size and mixing state of the aerosol particles are the most likely candidates for the differences in the scavenging behavior.  相似文献   

青海秋季对流云降水及催化过程数值模拟研究   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

房文  郑国光  何观芳 《南京气象学院学报》2005,28(6):763-769

利用CAMS三维对流云模式和青海省河南县秋季外场试验取得的资料，对自然云的发展演变过程进行了数值模拟试验。进一步就催化时间、催化剂量对增雨效果的影响进行了数值试验。结果表明，该地区秋季对流云降水主要为冷云降水，冰晶是霰产生的主要来源，冰霰自动转化是霰产生的最主要方式，冰晶与霰的碰并又促进了霰的进一步增长，霰是云中过冷水消耗的主要因素。人工播撒催化剂应在冰核活化过程大量开始以前进行，以达到增加冰晶浓度，消耗过冷云水，从而增加降水的目的。  相似文献   

东南沿海地区中α尺度雷暴云团卫星云图特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

纪玲玲  孔玉寿  谭永强  刘华强 《气象科学》2005,25(2):158-164

利用GMS-5卫星IR、VIS、WV和分裂窗云图资料及常规天气图对1996～1999年3～9月发生在我国东南沿海地区的对流(雷暴)天气进行分析表明，对流(雷暴)天气主要发生在静止锋等六种不同的天气形势下，它们在卫星云图上的基本数字特征有相同之处，也存在明显的差异。通过对卫星云图中α尺度雷暴云团的灰度和局地标准差等基本数字特征的分析，发现局地标准差极大值或红外一分裂≤0极小值的出现，预示4h左右后雷暴云团将达最强。由此，可以较好的把握雷暴云团的发展阶段以及发展趋势，提高雷暴的预报水平。  相似文献   

Comparison Between Computer Simulation of Transport and Diffusion of Cloud Seeding Material Within Stratiform Cloud and the NOAA-14 Satellite Cloud Track   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

YU Xing  DAI Jin  LEI Hengchi  FAN Peng 《大气科学进展》2005,22(1):133-141

A precipitation enhancement operation using an aircraft was conducted from 1415 to 1549 LST 14 March 2000 in Shaanxi Province. The NOAA-14 satellite data received at 1535 LST soon after the cloud seeding shows that a vivid cloud track appears on the satellite image. The length, average width and maximum width of the cloud track are 301 kin, 8.3 and 11 kin, respectively. Using a three-dimensional numerical model of transport and diffusion of seeding material within stratiform clouds, the spatial concentration distribution characteristics of seeding material at different times, especially at the satellite receiving time,are simulated. The model results at the satellite receiving time axe compared with the features of the cloud track. The transported position of the cloud seeding material coincides with the position of the track. The width, shape and extent of diffusion of the cloud seeding material are similar to that of the cloud track.The spatial variation of width is consistent with that of the track. The simulated length of each segment of the seeding line accords with the length of every segment of the track. Each segment of the cloud track corresponds to the transport and diffusion of each segment of the seeding line. These results suggest that the cloud track is the direct physical reflection of cloud seeding at the cloud top. The comparison demonstrates that the numerical model of transport and diffusion can simulate the main characteristics of transport and diffusion of seeding material, and the simulated results are sound and trustworthy. The area, volume, width, depth, and lateral diffusive rate corresponding to concentrations 1, 4, and 10 L^-1 are simulated in order to understand the variations of influencing range.  相似文献   

Discussion and Applications of Slab Models of the Convective Boundary Layer based on Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget Parameterisations     

M. G. Villani  A. Maurizi  F. Tampieri 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(3):539-556

Some of the most widely used slab model formulations for applications in the convective boundary layer are analysed and discussed. Three main classes are identified based on different approximations of the turbulent kinetic energy equation. The models appear to be quite insensitive to the initial values for boundary-layer height, and temperature discontinuity at the boundary-layer top. The slab models are applied to a case of sea-land transition from the literature, and a case of convective boundary layer time evolution over a homogeneous terrain at San Pietro Capofiume (Bologna, Italy). The different parameterisations turn out to be almost equivalent for the cases studied. The models generally underpredict the value for the height, while all give very good estimates for the mean mixed-layer temperature.  相似文献   

中国冬夏季模式降水方案的应用分析研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

徐国强  黄丽萍  薛纪善  陈德辉 《气象学报》2005,63(1):49-56

通过对中国冬夏季各一次降水过程的模拟分析 ,研究了不同云降水方案在中国区域的应用特征。结果指出 ,夏季 ,Kain Fritsch(KF)和Betts Miller(BM)积云方案模拟产生的积云降水是有差异的 ,KF方案对本次连续降水过程的预报要优于BM方案 ;KF方案和BM方案可以使周围环境大气状况发生不同的变化 ,KF方案可以使周围环境大气变得更湿、上升气流更加深厚 ,更有利于网格尺度降水的产生 ,即不同积云对流方案对网格尺度降水具有重要的影响 ;冬季 ,中国北方大陆基本没有对流降水产生 ,不同积云对流方案对网格尺度降水预报的影响基本可以不予考虑 ,中国北方的冬季降水主要是由网格尺度降水构成的。  相似文献   

对流云人工增雨潜力初步探讨   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

黄岩彬  陈秋萍 《气象科技》2005,(Z1)

利用在古田水库建立的以新一代天气雷达为主,包括稠密地面雨量站网等人工增雨综合监测技术系统,结合古田水库“蓄水型”人工增雨外场试验研究对流云降水量、降水效率和人工增雨潜力。研究表明:①试验区对流云自然降水效率平均约为1222×103m3,最大为1626×103m3;②人工催化后18~36 min,平均降水效率提高6个百分点,每次作业降水量增加395.5×103m3;相对增加28.36%,最大分别增加10个百分点,为972×103m3和59.78%;③每次作业水库入库流量增加143×103m3;④综合12年(1975~1986)古田人工增雨试验和2004年古田水库“蓄水型”人工增雨效果分析,可以认为对流云云内含水量大,有明显的增雨潜力。  相似文献   

A bin-microphysics cloud model with high-order, positive-definite advection     

Alexandre A. Costa  Gerson P. Almeida  Antnio Jos C. Sampaio 《Atmospheric Research》2000,55(3-4)

An axisymmetric, anelastic model of a convective cloud is described. The model comprises prognostic equations for the azimuthal vorticity, the perturbation potential temperature, the perturbation water vapor mixing ratio, 44 categories of cloud condensation nuclei, and 100 categories of liquid-phase hydrometeors. Results from a control simulation show that the model is capable to reproduce realistically the life cycle of a convective cloud including the production of warm rain.A discussion of the role of advection in bin-microphysics models is presented and sensitivity tests were performed regarding the order of advection. The results show that, although the global characteristics of all simulated clouds were similar, significant differences occur with respect to their microstructure, particularly close to the cloud edges, when the order of the advective scheme changes. The conclusion is that intermediate-order advection schemes can indeed be used in cloud-resolving simulations, as far only as the gross characteristics of the cloud/cloud system are being investigated, but not poor, low-order schemes. On the other hand, the sensitivity with respect to the advection suggests that the evaluation of cloud phenomena that occur in fine-scales, such as entrainment and certain microphysical and radiational processes, must require the use of accurate, higher-order schemes.  相似文献